The Rise Of Westward Expansion - 897 Words

In the 1800s, Americans were enticed by the lush land to the west as their own population grew steadily. The land’s abundant resources, wealth, and even the opportunity to gain more territory or property drawn many Americans to the west. On top of these economic incentives, the idea of Manifest Destiny also fueled the westward expansion. Manifest Destiny, or the idea that Americans were given the right and duty to spread over the continent of North America and advocate for democracy by God made the idea of American conquest of western territory seemed honorable. This idea of American supremacy, rooted in the phrase â€Å"Manifest Destiny,† together with Americans’ economic incentives to gain more wealth, territory, and resources propelled the westward expansion, and thus, increasing the powers and influence of U.S. as a nation. One of the primary reasons of westward expansion was to gain more territory for the U.S. so that Americans could acquire wealth through more property, increase their population, and gain more power. These economic and perhaps, political incentives led Americans, such as Andrew Jackson, the famous war hero and president of U.S., to seize land away from the indigenous people already living there by forcing them further west. During the war of 1813, Jackson fought against the Creeks, a nation of indigenous people for the sake of gaining more land and profit. It was stated that â€Å"When the war ended, Jackson and his friends started buying up Creek lands† so thatShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Westward Expansion On The United States1571 Words   |  7 Pagesopened the door to westward expansion. Thomas Jefferson purchased this extensive plot of land with the hopes of strengthening and expanding the Republic, unaware that it would have the opposite effect. Jefferson’s fatef ul decision to expand the United States nearly destroyed the Republic that Americans worked so hard to build. It triggered the rise of divisions amongst Americans. These small cracks continued to grow and tear at the seams of the nation. Although westward expansion between 1800 and 1848Read MoreEssay On Manifest Destiny1544 Words   |  7 PagesThe Manifest Destiny was the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. Manifest Destiny was mainly accomplished by the Monroe Doctrine, the annexation of Texas, and the Mexican-American War, but we were not a true continental power yet. After 1850, the Civil War, westward expansion, and the rise of big business made the United States a true continental power. By the time James PolkRead MoreManifest Destiny Essays694 Words   |  3 Pagesdefense for U.S. territorial expansion. It is the presumption that God had destined the American people to at divine mission of American movement and conquest in the name of Christianity and democracy. In order to understand manifest destiny we must first find its’ origin. John O’Sullivan first initiated manifest destiny into America in 1845. This New York editor wrote the phrase that captured this mood when he attempted to explain American’s thirst for westward expansion he wrote: the fulfillmentRead MoreThe European Colonization Of Americas 1620-900 Words   |  4 PagesFinal Essay- Prompt Three INTRODUCTION America would not be the same it is today without the numerous times of territorial expansion from the 17th to 19th century. America started with European Colonization in the 17th century, its borders were defined in the 18th century, and America extended from a coast to coast nation in the 19th century. There is not just expansion of land on a physical map, but also increased political tension and economic growth as America grows as a nation. PARAGRAPH 1(EuropeanRead MoreHistory And The United States1463 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude the Colonial Period which spanned from when the first Pilgrims came to America in the mid 1600’s till the 1760’s. Other periods include the Revolution period which picked up from the colonial period till the early 1780’s. The period of Westward Expansion lasted from the 1800 to the 1830’s, then there was the Civil War Period which spanned from the 1840’s till the 1860’s. Finally, the Interpretative Period which lasted from 1930’s and continues to today. Looking back at these time periods weRead MoreWomens Suffrage in the 1800’s-19th Century Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant roles. Women were not allowed to go any further than grammar school in the early part of the 1800’s (Westward Expansion 1). If they wanted to further their education beyond grammar, it had to be done on their own time because women were said to be weak minded, academically challenged and could not go beyond the primary teachings of grammar during this time (Westward Expansion 1). It was classified that also too much learning injured the feminine brain, undermined health, and rendered atRead MoreEssay The Territorial Sxpansion of the United States in the 1840’s1022 Words   |  5 Pagesdivided into three main sectors- agrarian west: mass immigration and industrial revolution in the Northeast and the slaveholding south. People moved westwards searching for new lives and opportunities. One of the reasons for territorial expansion had to do with â€Å"The Manifest Destiny†. In 1840, territorial expansion reached a peak due to British threat and manifest destiny. The term Manifest Destiny was first used by Congressman Robert Winthrop and then madeRead MoreGeographic and Environmental Factors1517 Words   |  7 PagesThemes in U.S. World History; Geographic and Environmental Factors An example of physical geographic factors that contributed to the development and expansion of the United States are the Appalachian Mountains and the discovery of the Cumberland Gap. The second geographical factor that significantly contributed to the development and expansion of the United States is the major rivers of the Midwest regions such as, â€Å"The Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, and other rivers knit together theRead MoreTurner and the Glorification of Westward Expansion Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1893 when Frederick Jackson Turner delivered his famous essay â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History,† the United States had recently fulfilled the goal of Manifest Destiny by finishing its conquest of the West. Westward expansion had been an integral aspect of the American identity and its citizens were left wondering what would continue to propel the United States into the future. At the same time, people were also looking back and trying to decide how exactly the frontier hadRead MoreThe Decline of the Democrats1567 Words   |  6 Pagesthe day, and explain the rise and dissolution of the national Democratic Party, which yielded to the Republican Party whose highly influential president Abraham Lincolns election was integral in the loss of the Union and the beginning of the Civil War. All of the key historic events that led to the Republican Partys hegemony and the decline of the Democratic Party had to do with sectional differences related to issues of slavery and the role it played on westward expansion, as well as to state sovereignty

Executive Report Sample - 9694 Words

Financial exclusion in two speed Leeds Executive Report Research into Financial Exclusion in Leeds and a study of alternative community based credit and savings systems, undertaken by Community Finance Solutions at Salford University on behalf of Leeds City Council. Financial Exclusion Report for Leeds City Council 2004 Foreword Leeds is a prosperous city. It is not only prosperous in its own right but acts as a generator for wealth, which goes well beyond its immediate boundaries. Leeds image as a prosperous city is well documented and commentators from around the country pay tribute to the success Leeds has enjoyed in recent decades. However, increasingly over the years, Leeds has become recognised as a two-speed city. Much†¦show more content†¦high street banks and building societies). Consequently the financially excluded rely on range of informal solutions and ‘sub-prime’ providers. This has three negative effects: 1. Inability to access many services that now operate entirely beyond a cash based economy. 2. The banking sector is highly regulated with extensive consumer safeguards. Unfortunately similar protection is not always available when using subprime providers. 3. Most perniciously, the cost of credit varies enormously with APR rates from around 14% for a bank loan, to upwar ds of 177% for a small cash loan from a doorstep lender. It reduces families’ disposable income, which in turn reduces their children’s life chances, and thus cuts the amount spent with local shops and businesses. In addition to undermining existing micro-entrepreneurs, the lost money reduces the capacity of potential entrepreneurs to start businesses. This latent entrepreneurship is highlighted in the report, with 20% of those surveyed in deprived communities interested in affordable loans for business start-ups. What is the nature of financial exclusion in Leeds? To assess the extent of financial exclusion in Leeds a survey of 410 households in the most disadvantaged parts of the city was undertaken. The results indicated that those with lower incomes were most likely to be financially excluded, in particular, lone parents, families with children,Show MoreRelatedManagement1034 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary The purpose of an executive summary is to summarize a report. Executive summaries are written for executives who most likely do not have time to read the complete document. Therefore, the executive summary must cover the major points and be detailed enough to mirror the content yet concise enough for an executive to understand the substance without reading the entire report. An executive summary differs from an abstract. Readers use an abstract to decide whether to read the completeRead MoreThe Environmental Quality Act Of California State Laws And Public Policy Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesnegative impact(s) of Sample Drought Executive Order 2016? Explain, giving one example of a type of law or public policy. Ans 1. The Drought Executive Order 2016 could have negative impact on the people and the economy. Exemption of agriculturists from order may create a situation of stress between the urban residents and the people in agriculture. The Order can also decline the credibility and the effectiveness of California State Laws. To minimize the negative impact of executive order 2016 variousRead MoreAcc 700 Milestone Two Newham Company Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesClick Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/acc-700-milestone-two-newham-company/ The second milestone is a rough draft of the second artifact for your professional portfolio, a sample audit. The sample audit will consist of three main parts:the business risk analysis, the sample audit program, and the report of recommendations. Thiswill be graded using the rubric at the end of this document and is an opportunity for you to organize your thoughts and receive feedback from your instructor forRead MoreResearch Report On Risk Taking Incentives Generated By Stock Option Plans1457 Words   |  6 PagesThis thesis uses secondary data collected mainly from the European banks’ annual reports and Datastream to test the relation between risk-taking incentives generated by stock option plans in relation to executives’ decision through using CDS. Furthermore, the data is used to examine the impact of CDS use on bank’s risk. The importance of CDS comes from the fact that this financial instrument represents the largest sector of the credit derivatives mar ket that are intended to mitigate a firm’s riskRead MoreNokia 808 Pureview1358 Words   |  6 PagesVIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN Format of  Internship Report – (MCMI619) [pic] 1. Title Page The title page of the report will include:    a. Name of the organization b. Name of the internee, Student ID and session c. Submission date of the internship report d. Name of the University e. VU logo 2. Letter of Undertaking You are required to fill in the Letter of Undertaking provided in the ‘Download’ section of the course VULMS and attach here the scanned copy after signingRead MoreWhat Are The Best Practices For A Cio Policy Per The Irs? Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesinterest in respect to any outreach or exempt function. Issue #2: The current CIO policy does not apply to any employees who are not considered a â€Å"senior staff member.† Issue #3: The current recommendations by the IRS are actually contained in a sample conflict of interest policy on the IRS website: http://www.irs.gov/instructions/i1023/ar03.html Issue #4: The current COI policy adopted by Lakewood Church is actually more restrictive than that recommended by the IRS and there have only been twoRead MoreTraining and Narrative Report768 Words   |  4 Pagesrelated to  narrative report for ojt Hotel Hotels: Booking.com - Book Without Commission   www.booking.com/Hotels Book at over 275,000  hotels  online booking.com is rated  Ã‚  (1,432 reviews) Hotels in London Hotels in Edinburgh Hotels in Manchester Hotels in Glasgow Cornerstone software - camLine launches Cornerstone 5.1   www.camline.com/ DoE, 6 sigma, EDA – read more†¦ Hotel Reports  - webcrawler.com   www.webcrawler.com/ Search multiple engines for  hotel reports Explore AnswersRead MoreRelationship Between Corporate Performance And Board886 Words   |  4 PagesIreland: Q1; the objective of this article is to explore the relationship between corporate performance and both board size and board composition for quoted Irish firms. This is one of the finest article that spoke about importance of independence non-executive directors for firm efficiency and economic growth in the context of Irish firms. Also emphasis on having small and large boards. Q2. : The main research problem is, what types of board structure are optimal from perspective of maximizing stock holdersRead MoreLiterature Review : The Securities And Exchange Commission1400 Words   |  6 Pagesits members who listed in NYSE that the audit committees made up of outside directors, which is non-executive directors (NYSE, 1978). After a decade development of this suggestion, the Teadway Commission reinforced it, which suggested that all public companies should be stipulated through the rules of SEC to establish their own audit committees, and the audit committees consist of only non-executive directors (NCFFR, 1987). 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When Growth Stalls †1 Page Review Free Essays

Introduction It’s offering advice for avoiding growth stalls, drawing from practices currently in use at large, high-growth companies to foresee possible stalls and head them off. Article gives four categories which regarded as main reason for growth stalls. A premium position backfires, innovation management breaks down, core business is abandoned prematurely and company lacks a strong talent bench. We will write a custom essay sample on When Growth Stalls – 1 Page Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now The key point is that all of the most common causes of growth stalls are not come from external force. It’s from management’s failure. Thus it’s knowable and preventable. To spot the sign of growth stalls, they suggest us to use diagnostic self-test they developed. It’s the asking, what company’s senior managers have seen in their markets, in their competitors, in their own internal practice that might be alert of impending stall. To prevent the growth stalls, they recommend us to make strategic assumptions explicit and carry forward it relevance and accuracy. Thus, agility for reacting to changes of circumstance will be improved. Four practices are required to carry out that process. First, commission a core-belief identification squad which consisted with employees who are less stick to current orthodoxies. Second, conduct teams which develop visions of your company’s future five years hence. Third, appoint a shadow cabinet. Lastly, ask a venture capitalist to sit in on strategy reviews and probe for weakness. Authors’ insist that on the strategy agenda, guarding against growth stalls should be at the top. And firm should renew their competence in strategy in this point. Limitation and defect The authors’ thrust is reasonable theoretically. In intellectual approach, it’s appropriate and fresh idea. However, since theories are based on consequences, it entertains a doubt to rationalize theories in results. Consequently, it’s conflict against real-business situation. First of all, there are a lot of brands who are maintaining their market leadership although they undergoing four critical causes of growth stall. In real business area, there are bunch of brands which take their competitive advantage as product differentiation therefore don’t care their rivals although they’ve got cost leadership. Harley Davidson or John Galliano will be the typical cases. Both of brands even don’t care about customers’ preference. Rather than that, they make customer to be attracted by their brands by customer themselves. Particularly in the luxury good market, brands do not try to stick their concept as contemporary or trendy. They persists their own color. (From research by Custo Barcelona in 2010) Moreover, Asahi Breweries, who’ve got competitive advantage by abandoning core product prematurely and urgently replace it to new product, can be refuter of articles theory too. (Information from Harvard Business School in 1994) Secondly, there are too many restrictions to absorb their tools in real business. Appling self-test to foresee a stall is not that easy as they insist because it’s unclear to define the fundamental reason of the phenomenon. It can be caused by the economic recession of whole industry, fed in the customer’s preference, where product lifecycle is, or maybe it can be signal of stall. We can’t confirm fundamentally where the drawback is started. Besides utilize four practices which assist to make strategic assumption is more complicated. We can certain that cost of adopting these practices will be high, but can’t confidence how effective it will be work. Efficiency of those practices will be different from each company’s organization, corporate culture and so on. Therefore sometimes it can be aggravate of the risk. In addition, inviting a venture capitalist can be more risky than their effectiveness. Finding faithful and influent VC who is assured to not leak the restricted information about corporation will be huge task to solve. Anyway, to reform this thrust, I’d suggest not pass over externalities. They’ve too many weighted in management problem. More fundamental causes will be arises in external environment, such as, threat of substitutes or technological changes. Then, mention about difference between industry and concrete supplementation for their tools which demonstrate its actual effect in really business will be required. How to cite When Growth Stalls – 1 Page Review, Essay examples

Tory Burch Essay Example For Students

Tory Burch Essay Introduction: The fashion industry is one of the most competitive industries in the world: sought after products and coveted brand-name garments can be â€Å"in† one season and just as quickly â€Å"out† the next. It is one of the most difficult industries for a new brand to successfully penetrate, as the top tier of respected and recognized designers have built their brand equity through many seasons of impeccable looks and styles that consumers have come to demand. Tory Burch LLC, however, made the feat seem easy in 2004 when the start-up brand stormed the women’s ready-to-wear apparel scene and introduced their luxurious, yet affordable, line of clothing. Selling out its first shipment in a matter of weeks, Tory Burch LLC set the tone for its furious rise in the fashion industry. Tory Burch, the founder of Tory Burch LLC, recognized a niche in the women’s high end fashion market for designs that are practical and easy to wear at respectable prices. She built her brand upon that concept. Four years after an initial $2 million investment to finance one freestanding boutique in lower Manhattan, Tory Burch LLC now has twelve locations across the United States. More recently, in an effort to hold down production costs and achieve economies of scale, the company added wholesale accounts including Saks Fifth Avenue, Neiman Marcus, and Bloomingdale’s. The collection, which started with a mere 20 styles, now boasts more than 1,000. After four years in business, the company’s annual sales are estimated at about $115 million. The question looming on the horizon is whether Tory Burch, LLC has the potential to become a timeless brand, or whether it is merely a passing trend in the constantly changing apparel industry. The explicit problem presents itself in the onslaught of brands vying for a share in the women’s fashion market. The already established and successful brands of Diane von Furstenberg, Theory, and Marc Jacobs offer styles and quality of products comparable to that which Tory offers. In addition, given their preexisting loyal customer base, it is questionable whether Tory Burch can continue to draw new customers, boost sales, and ultimately become a â€Å"timeless† brand. This paper will explore two of the four â€Å"P’s† of marketing which Tory has explicitly focused on to propel itself to success. The first is pricing. Tory Burch’s favorable pricing in the high-end fashion market has allowed it to experience rapid growth in the last four years. This pricing strategy may be an appropriate means to achieve continued sales growth in the niche women’s luxury apparel market. The second is product development. Tory’s product development strategies have given it a unique advantage over its competition and is one of the keys to Tory’s continued success. In addition, an understanding of how Porter’s 5 Forces affect Tory Burch within the fashion industry will lead to a series of recommendations as to how Tory should undertake to ensure its survival in the ever-fickle fashion industry and become a â€Å"timeless† brand. Chapter 1: Competitive Analysis of Tory Burch and the Luxury Apparel Industry 1. 1: Threat of Potential Entrants Although new brands are by no means guaranteed success, the fashion industry provides a relatively open space for new entrants. New market entrants offering products with similar styles and design philosophies have the potential to draw loyal consumers away from Tory. Tory has been very successful in past seasons by introducing appealing wardrobe staples, such as the extremely popular â€Å"Reva Ballet flats† that have been described as reaching â€Å"cult status. † This does not guarantee, however, that new brands entering the market will not rival the products that consumers will demand. There are two reasons why new entrants may not pose a significant threat to Tory Burch. First, designers must invest significant time to develop a unique vision upon which to build its line of clothing. Not only does a designer need significant time to design a line and produce samples, it must also take time to establish itself within the fashion industry and build its reputation with notable people and groups. Second, a large capital investment is required to fund the production and the distribution of the apparel. Funding is also required to perform extensive market research to ensure that the styles generated by the brand fit the current fashion trends that consumers are interested in buying. In today’s economic conditions, it may be difficult for new start-up designers to gain access to capital needed to enter the fashion industry. Although there are always talented and up-and-coming designers waiting for their chance to make their mark on the fashion world, it is not likely that new entrants have the potential to greatly affect Tory’s sales. The branding requirements alone to compete in the saturated luxury women’s fashion industry limit the impact of new market entry from new designers. Competition to the Tory Burch product line is most likely to come from designers of existing brands. Not only are they more likely to understand the consumers’ tastes, styles and aesthetic preferences, but they also have the required infrastructure and suppliers to produce high quality garments and accessories. However, given the current unfavorable economic conditions in the United States, it is not likely that the larger, more established brands will expand their product lines in these times. The risk of financial loss outweighs the possibility of a successful new apparel line. Therefore, the luxury fashion market is a safe place for existing brands such as Tory Burch in terms of further competition from new entrants. This leaves Tory free to focus on effective product pricing and product innovation. 1. 2: Threat of Substitutes Substitution is the ability of customers to find an alternative way to fulfill the needs that the former product was meeting. As more direct alternatives become available to the consumer, the demand for the competing firms’ apparel becomes more elastic and accordingly prices and profitability may be reduced. This is a significant threat for firms in the fashion industry due to the copious styles, designs and brands to choose from apparel from. The threat of substitutes for Tory Burch comes through price competition. J Crew, Banana Republic, and Express offer similar, yet more mainstream products, in the US market. While these brands have apparel that may be inspired by similar trends, they appeal more to the price sensitive, yet fashionable target market. While these brands are constantly promoting in-store sales and pushing their outlet locations, Tory offers her products at a consistent and higher price point. If brands like J Crew can continue to improve their brand and name recognition, loyal Tory consumers may experience less severe â€Å"switching costs† if they decide to purchase J Crew products. Tory is in the luxury apparel and accessories industry, which means that Tory faces the risk of decreased sales due to substitutes of knock-offs for real products. Corner vendors carry numerous Tory handbag look a-likes for a fraction of the price of the real thing. Consumers without the disposable income to spend large amounts of money on pricey name brand accessories, such as handbags, find these knock off’s an attractive substitute for genuine goods. The counterfeit trade industry is a major problem among the world’s most well-known and high priced brands, such as Louis Vuitton and Gucci. Counterfeiting can severely damage a brand’s overall equity, as the knockoffs are of much lesser quality and detract from the â€Å"exclusiveness† that owning goods like this provides. Ellen Goldstein, chairperson of the accessories design department at the Fashion Institute of Technology in NYC, believes that these knock off’s cheapen the products; rather than serving as a form of â€Å"flattery,† this mode of â€Å"stealing† significantly reduces sales from authentic brands. Counterfeiting of luxury fashion brand accessories like Tory can become a type of substitute good, particularly in the future as improvements in technology produce better quality fakes and better distribution outlets. The extent to which counterfeits effect Tory’s overall sales is unknown. At this point, because they are such a young company, it is unlikely that counterfeiters have seized any major opportunities to copy any of their bags. It also is beneficial for Tory that they produce over twenty handbags each season and do not have a â€Å"signature† print, such as Louis Vuitton’s brown â€Å"LV. † . 3 Buyer Bargaining Power Buyer bargaining power is defined as how easy the buyer finds it to drive prices down. In the high-end apparel industry, with a growing consumer base and a relatively constant number of sellers, buyers typically do not hold much influence over prices and thus, price sensitivity remains low. While prices are held at or around a level that will attract buyers, limited production of certain prints and styles allow firms to raise prices for those items. Consumers’ preferences, the availability of substitutes, and price sensitivity influence buyers’ bargaining power. Personal Narrative- Helping Others EssayThe Gucci bag retails for over $1,200, while Tory’s bag retails for just under $500. Capitalizing on the void in the marketplace for luxurious and stylish apparel comparable to high end designers, but offered at a lower price, Tory is able to achieve a significant market share in the women’s apparel industry. If it continues to offer high quality products that reflect the popular trends and styles demanded by the female consumer, its strategy of pricing should propel it to a 14% growth in sales over the next five years and begin them on the path to becoming a â€Å"timeless† brand. . 2Product Development 2. 2. 1 Wearable Styles While many high-end fashion designers offer sought after clothes and accessories, many women find that these looks are often â€Å"un-wearable† in everyday life. Complaining that these looks do not reflect the size and shape of the average American woman, many consumers are restricted from b uying luxurious clothing because it does not flatter their figure. This is the area of product development where Tory Burch excels and finds a competitive advantage over her competitors. Tory Burch blends timeless and classic design elements with modern fashion sensibilities. Picking up on the cuts and styles that flatter the shape of all sized women makes her clothing appeal to a wider range of consumers. The ready-to-wear aspect of her line draws many women who are eager to try new styles, yet are unsure if they can pull off risky trends that Gucci or Christian Dior offers. Tory Burch offers a trendy enough aesthetic that excites females consumers who are interested in fashion, while at the same time being classic enough to not scare consumers away. Exhibit 2. 1 offers a visual example of this strategy. This exhibit shows Tory Burch on the left offering a trendy, yet classic, approach to a chic, professional outfit. The picture on the right shows a Marc Jacobs dress ensemble, a designer who is direct competitor of Tory’s. The Marc Jacobs outfit is much riskier and further â€Å"out there† than the look of the Tory Burch outfit. The TB outfit, while evoking the feeling of being on the cutting edge of the new trends, still appeals to the consumer on a classical level. The yellow hat featured in the Marc Jacobs outfit is seen as not being wearable on a day-to-day basis by many female consumers, and thus reduces the sales of Marc Jacob’s products. 2. 2. 2: Bold Prints The second aspect of product development that Tory utilizes in her strategy for success is using bold and unique prints to differentiate her clothing from her competitors. In designing her clothing line, creative director Ms. Burch, draws inspiration from her favorite era—the 1960s and 1970s. She relies on such style influences as art, photographs, films, and her mother and father’s vintage wardrobes. Using these influences allows her to create unique prints that set her clothes apart from many of the solid colored tops and pieces of other designers. Exhibit 2. 2 shows the comparison between a typical Tory tunic and a blouse of one of their main, earlier identified, competitors: Theory. These bold prints are important to the design philosophy of Tory Burch, because they convey the inspiration of each season, and these prints are something that consumers have come to associate with the brand of Tory Burch. The unique prints chosen to make her clothing pieces are integral to the aesthetic of Tory Burch. CONCLUSION: Given its accessible price strategy and unique product development aspect of bold, unique prints and wearable clothes, I strongly believe Tory Burch has the potential to continually increase its market share of the women’s luxury apparel market and grow into a â€Å"timeless† brand. By sticking to these core strategies, Tory Burch will build brand loyalty among consumers and continue to increase sales at a steady rate of 8% for the next four years. Tory Burch will continue to build its brand equity, and in turn they will have the opportunity to open more freestanding boutiques as more consumers demand Tory Burch products. The following recommendations will enhance Tory Burch’s brand and name recognition, bolster growth, and allow Tory to continue on the path of becoming a â€Å"timeless† brand: 1. Develop advertisements highlighting Tory’s bold prints and unique aesthetic in top fashion publications: Vogue, Elle, Women’s Wear Daily, and InStyle. 2. Change their target market to a more focused and specific age group, rather than their current strategy of catering to â€Å"grandmothers, mothers and daughters. † This will allow Tory to more explicitly cater its prints/products to the specific tastes and trends of their target market. 3. Revamp ToryBurch. com to create a more interesting and personal online shopping experience- such as including a flash demo on the homepage, which will result in more visitors to the website and more purchasing of apparel. 4. Introduce a signature fragrance that consumers will associate with Tory Burch and incorporate the theme of â€Å"uniqueness and boldness† into the scent. 5. Intensify consumer awareness of Tory Burch by creating special promotions during the Holiday Seasons. 6. Capitalize on the â€Å"young professional† market: create a sub-collection of trendy suits and business attire for women entering the business world. . Continue to produce the â€Å"Reva Ballet Flat† with modern updates every year, so that it becomes a timeless shoe that consumers cannot live without. 8. Offer â€Å"TB T-Shirt Customization† services online: where consumers have the opportunity to pick from a pre-chosen selection of fabric prints, pick the style of tee-shirt, a nd pick their size to have their own â€Å"custom† TB garment. This will be effective because Tory will be able to keep its price point low, as the raw materials cost for tee-shirts is very low, while giving the consumer the impression of a unique and quality product. 9. Create an online community for Tory Burch shoppers to communicate, consisting of a blog where loyal shoppers can talk about their favorite trends and styles. This will build the idea of the Tory Burch â€Å"lifestyle† and will encourage consumers to buy TB products as an extension of this lifestyle. Works Cited: Agins, Teri. â€Å"The Boomer Balancing Act. † The Wall Street Journal. November 3, 2007. Agins, Teri. â€Å"How Tory Burch Found Her Stride. † The Wall Street Journal. February 1, 2008. Chanel. www. Chanel. com. Chase, Jane. â€Å"The Glory of Tory. † Connecticut Cottages and Gardens. May 1, 2008. Diane von Furstenberg. ww. DVF. com. â€Å"Goyard and Tory Bruch: 5th Avenue Style Tribe. † The New York Times. April 24, 2007. Gucci. www. Gucci. com. Karasyov, Carrie. â€Å"Tory in All Her Glory. † Town and Country Magazine. February 2008. Loomis, Rick. â€Å"There’s Something About Tory. † The Los Angeles Times. June 1, 20 08. Marc Jacobs. www. marcjacobs. com. Marx, Linda. â€Å"Tory’s Story. † The Boca Raton Observer. April 1, 2008. Mind Tools. â€Å"Porter’s Five Forces. † January 18, 2008. www. mindtools. com Moore, Booth. â€Å"Tory Burch has turned her line of Classics into a line of Must-Have Lifestyle Brand. †; http://www. newsday. om/features/lifestyle/ny-lstory0602,0,345077. story. ; The Los Angeles Times. June 1, 2008. O’Brien, Diane. â€Å"When Imposters Knock Off Profits. † December 1, 2003. â€Å"Preppy Chic Flip Flops are All the Rage This Summer. † The Houston Chronicle. June 1, 2008. Theory. www. theory. com. â€Å"Tory Burch: Targeting soccer moms and yummy mummies. † The Business of Fashion. November 6, 2007. â€Å"Tory Branches Out. † Women’s Wear Daily. May 24, 2008 Primary Sources: Interviews with: 1. Kerry Lynne Carerra. Public Relations and Marketing Director of Tory Burch, LLC. 2. Caitlin Donovan. Pub lic Relations Assistant.

Adult Learning and Education

Math History essays

Math History essays 1. Pythagoreans discover irrational numbers. 532 BC 3. Archimedes determines formulas for the area and volume of a sphere. 250 B.C. 4. Eratosthenes determines the circumferences of Earth. 5. Appollonius studies conic sections. 6. Al-Khowarizmi uses zero. 830 A.D. 7. Rudolff introduces the radical sign. 1525 A.D. 8. Tartaglia solves cubic equations. 1535 A.D. 9. Recorde introduces the equals sign. 1557 A.D. 10. Stevin introduces decimals. 1585 A.D. 11. Harriot introduces the inequality signs. 1610 A.D. 12. Napier invents logarithms. 1614 A.D. 13. Oughtred invents the slide rule. 1630 A.D. 14. Descartes creates analytic geometry. 1637 A.D. 15. Fermat leaves last theorem. 1647 A.D. 16. Pascal and Fermat discuss theory of probability in their correspondence. 1654 A.D. 17. Newton invents calculus. 1665 A.D. 18. Leibniz invents calculus. 1675 A.D. 19. Wallace introduces the symbol for infinity(Â ¥). 1685 A.D. 20. Saccheri writes Euclid Freed of Every Flaw. 1733 A.D. 21. Goldbach states famous conjecture. 1742 A.D. 22. Euler shows that epi + 1 = 0. 1748 A.D. 23. Agnesi writes foundations of Analysis. 1748 A.D. 24. Lambert proves p is irrational. 1768 A.D. 25. Argand graphs imaginary numbers. 1806 A.D. 26. Gauss determines the convergence of infinite series. 27. Godel publishes incompleteness theorems. 1831 A.D. 28. Galois writes about group theory. 1832 A.D. 29. Lovelace describes how to program Babbages Analytical Engine. 1842 A.D. 30. Riemann creates elliptic geometry. 1854 A.D. 31. Mobius strip is discovered. 1858 A.D. 32. Kovalevski is the first woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics. 1874 A.D. 33. Cantor creates transfinite numbers. 1895 A.D. 34. Whitehead and Russell write Principia Mathematica. ...

Don't Ask, Don't Tell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Don't Ask, Don't Tell - Essay Example While this might be unthinkable in the United States, there is no good reason for it to be so. Many American officers are now comparing their own army to international ones and determining that it is time to bring American practices more in line with practices around the world. These countries’ experience shows that an army does not fall apart when homosexuals are allowed the serve openly; there are no reported negative effects whatsoever. One of the main reasons that other countries allow homosexuals to serve openly is because courts have recognized that homosexuals have the right to be free of discrimination. In Canada, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees freedom from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. It simply isn’t possible to deny homosexuals the right to serve their country. These legal reasons have been recognized in other countries too and form the basis for many countries’ rejection of similar don’t ask, don’t tell policies. In the United States such rights have not yet been granted. There is still a big argument about gay marriage which shows no sign of being resolved any time soon. America appears to be a more culturally divided country on the issue of homosexuality. That may be the way it is, but that is not a very good reason to deny a person the opportunity to serve their country because of an immutable characteristic that really has no connection wi th the morale or standards of the troupe. The argument against giving homosexuals such rights holds little water. The American army is currently fighting two big wars: one in Iraq and one in Afghanistan. It is short of soldiers and needs more. Since the don’t ask, don’t tell policy came into effect, thousands of soldiers have been forced to leave service. This is not right. The military needs more soldiers. Disallowing the service of homosexuals reduces the number of soldiers too

Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Outsourcing - Essay Example Subsequently, organizations attempting to compete globally in the 1970s and 1980s were handicapped by a lack of agility that resulted from bloated management structures (Corbett, 1996). However, most organisations were not totally self sufficient; they outsourced those functions for which they had no competency internally. Publishers, for example, have often purchased composition, printing, and fulfillment services. The use of external suppliers for these essential but ancillary services might be termed the baseline stage in the evolution of outsourcing. The main business purpose for outsourcing is to enhance the value of an organization's offerings to its customers (Earl, 1996). In the electronics industry, increased market competition identifies continuous adjustment and improvement in the production lines, outsourcing and supply chain management of companies. Interdependence and participation of suppliers and manufacturers in product design, innovation, as well as research and development characterize the current international business environment resulting to market volatility (Sobrero & Roberts, 2001; Appleyard, 2003). These organizations usually share proprietary corporate data with external suppliers and partners while ensuring maximum security to enhance efficiency across the product lifecycle by streamlining procurement, production, fulfilment, and distribution processes (Katsikeas, Schlegelmilch & Skarmeas, 2002) which requires integration of applications and data across multiple geographically dispersed supply chain partners, as well as internal integration with legacy systems (Katsikeas, Schlegelmilch & Skarmeas, 2002; Appleyard, 2003). Benefits Outsourcing manufacturing is one of vital business and supply chain strategies which are one way companies are revolutionising business operations to deliver better products faster at lowest cost possible (Domberger, 1998). It is a kind of supply chain collaboration model and strategic alliance approach, which allows the OEMs to concentrate on product development, sales and marketing (Bounfour, 2003). It eventually helps business organisations to gain competitive advantage of increased product availability, reduced inventory; minimized total logistics cost and rapidly introduce their product to market without a significant investment in plans for capital equipment (Arnold, 2000). Normally, there are two types of outsourced services, technology and business process. Each can be inert partial to the subsequent areas. The first type of outsourcing is the technology services. This type covers the electronic commerce (e-commerce), infrastructure (networks), software (applications), telecommunications and website development and hosting. The second type of outsourcing is the business process outsourcing. Under this type of outsourcing are customer contacts (customer relations management), equipment, finance/accounting, human resources, logistics, procurement/supply chain management and security. Lee et al (2002) stated that there have three major outsourcing drivers: (a) economic - expense reductions, cost control and

A Correlation between Unequal Power Relations and the Way Language is Assignment

A Correlation between Unequal Power Relations and the Way Language is Used - Assignment Example The second of the three stages is all the more important because it has a lot to do with one’s spontaneity and judgment which ultimately become the major deciding factors in making the communication successful and effective. That is how the world draws the line of distinction between ‘great orators/authors’ and the mediocre and the bad. The choice of words, however, is a function of one’s instincts, emotions, and needs. The desire to dominate, to control, to feel powerful is a universal instinct that defies the boundaries of time and space. It is, therefore, not at all surprising that this basic instinct, or rather a base instinct, successfully manages to creep into all human transactions and manifests itself, more noticeably in the process of verbal communication. But, at the same time, the need to ‘get things done’ is also a matter of uppermost concern, and its importance cannot be understated. It is this factor that has the power to suppress the urge to dominate; it makes one willing to subordinate himself in a transaction. In any given instance, it is either the urge to dominate or the need to subordinate that finally stays, and it is decided by the prevailing equation of power in the given context. It boils down to the conclusion that â€Å"our words are never neutral; they carry the power that reflects the interests of those who speak or write.† (John Fiske, 1994; Fowler, et. al., 1979) An interesting quality of dominant discourse is that it usually represents and reinforces the interests of the elite section of the society. Professor Sue L. T. McGregor, in Critical Discourse Analysis – A Primer, says, â€Å"One of the central attributes of dominant discourse is its power to interpret conditions, issues, and events in favor of the elite.†   

The significance of the social classes concept

The significance of the social classes concept Andersen Taylor (2007) define class mobility as the movement between different classes. This type of mobility can either be downward or upward in nature. Social classes are cultural or economical arrangements of groups within a society. Class becomes a very crucial object that political scientists, sociologists, economists, social historians, and anthropologists use for their various analysis purposes. Within social sciences, the social class is usually talked over by considering social stratification. In the Western world, stratification particularly includes upper class, middle class, and lower class and each of the three classes can be further classified into occupational classes (Edgell, 1993). In a number of societies, particularly in the United States, the concept of class mobility is a very significant social idea, with her citizens considering that every individual has got a chance to climb up the social class ladder. An individuals social class can be determined by a number of factors for instance, occupation, education, wealth or access to money, and race. These are very crucial factors that place people within different social classes within any given society particularly the societies in the Western world. The factor such as race can bring about a help or a hindrance for class mobility depending on an individuals race and the society in consideration, as well as culture, manners, and the family history. In some societies for example, an individual who has a lot of liquid money might be regarded as being in upper class, while in other societies, this individual might not be considered to belong to the upper class owing to other factors such as the individuals occupation and family history. An example in this case is a pawnbroker who has done very well, but might not belong to the upper class in spite of having a lot of money like a famous banker, while the children of the pawnbroker might possi bly join the upper class as they may develop most prestigious occupations (Andersen Taylor, 2007). As seen, most of the Western nations are generally divided into lower, middle, and upper class. Each of these classes has its own characteristic features which differentiates it from the other classes. The lower class is characteristic of laborers who earn low income as they acquired limited education, and this makes the individuals in the class to acquire only few opportunities for economic or educational progress. At times, a member of the lower class may have a lot of money just like the member in the topmost class, but still will be classified under lower class because the family background or the occupation that he or she is engaged in. The members within the middle class are seen to be economically stable having attained more educational opportunities. As well in the middle class, the individuals have got increased social opportunities due to the idea that their class status is elevated. The upper class forms the stratum the social structure with lowest population of individual s. This class constitutes individuals with well established social positions including increased prestige as well as better economic security (Saunders, 1990). In most of the societies within the Western world, the goal of individuals within the lower and middle classes is the upward class mobility as they believe that higher social classes are more socially and economically secure. Achieving the class mobility can be done through various ways for instance; an individual who is attempting to attain class mobility can aggressively pursue social and educational opportunities while another individual can center on laying the groundwork so that the future generations of his or her family will find themselves in the highest social class stratum. An example in this case, is an individual in the lower or middle class, who works very hard to acquire college fees to ensure that his or her children have chances which would no be attained (Ferrante, 2007). Within some societies, individuals experience downward class mobility as well. Downward class mobility becomes a great fear among many people who usually feel that their social ranks are unstable. Experiencing a radical change in fortunes may become an indication for a family which belongs to a higher class to fall down within the class stratification, usually when the changes persevere over many subsequent generations. Those individuals who experience downward class mobility are usually exposed to a good deal of prejudice from individuals within the former social stratum as well as the individuals within the social class in which they end up. With different generations in the world, social class mobility can either occur within or across the generation. The type of social class mobility that occurs within a generation is referred to as intra-generational mobility while the social class mobility that occurs across generations is called inter-generational mobility (Saunders, 1990). Intra-generational mobility can be defined as the changes regarding social status within a single lifetime. This type of mobility occurs within a given generation. Intergenerational mobility can be defined as the changes regarding social status that happen from the parents generation to the generation of their children. Thus the intergenerational mobility occurs across a number of generations. The definitions are very crucial during the analysis concerning the manner in which social status change from a given time period to another, as well as whether the social status of parents can determine an individuals own social status. In most case, sociologists usually center on the intergenerational mobility since this is the easiest in depicting changes across generations when compared to the intra-generational mobility. The sociologists use this information to determine if inequality within a given culture changes with time (Jr, 2009). Intergenerational mobility is merit based as well as non-merit based. In this case, it is the ability and hard work which influences social mobility. Parents race, wealth, luck, and gender can also affect the intergenerational mobility. Intergenerational mobility focuses on how parents can influence their childrens social mobility. Quality education is very important since the children can obtain highest marks and therefore gain prestige. Parents can as well make significant connections with those people who belong to higher social classes so that their social network will become wider. These parents who form their childrens social capital tend to increase the social mobility of the children. Recent researchers have collected relevant data concerning the families economic mobility across generations. The researchers have considered the probability of attaining a given income distribution in relation to where the parents were socially positioned. According to the researchers, 42 perce nt of the children whose parents were in the lowest quintile end up in the bottom quintile; 23 percent of the children ended up in the second quintile; 19 percent of the children ended up in the middle quintile; 11 percent of them end up in the fourth quintile; and 6 percent ended up in the topmost quintile (Goldthorpe, 2006). The social upward mobility becomes difficulty due to some given barriers. Education is a very important factor which can enhance or hinder upward mobility depending on how an individual has attained in it. Those individuals who achieve lowly in their academics do not usually continue with higher education such that they find themselves no where in the competitive world education wise during the time of searching for the prestigious white collar jobs. The lowly educated individuals engage themselves in the lowly paying jobs which are a characteristic of low class. Without taking a step in advancing the educational status, these individuals continue being in the lowest social class. Poverty is another factor which hinders social upward mobility, in that, the children inmost poor families do not develop enough in terms of psychological and behavioral development. Families also affect their childrens social mobility, in that; some families do not adopt strategies to support the children for instance, access to social, cultural, and financial capital as well as social networks of contact to access prestigious opportunities (Andersen Taylor, 2006). Factors like higher attainment in education enable individuals to move from lower social classes to the topmost class, since they can secure well paying jobs. Parents in well-off families who might be in the middle class, encourages their children to get into the topmost class as they ensure their children get sufficient psychological and behavioral development. Parents in some families adopt some strategies to support their children, for example access to social, cultural, and financial capital. The parents also have good social networks of contact which they use to access the most valued opportunities (Andersen Taylor, 2006).

Benjamin Franklin :: Biography Biographies Benjamin Franklin Essays

Benjamin Franklin In his many careers as a printer, moralist, essaylist, civic leader, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, and philosopher, Benjamin Franklin Became both a spokesman and a model for the national character of later generations of Americans. After less than two years of formal schooling, Franklin was pressed into his father's trade. At the age of 16, Franklin wrote some pieces in a courant,"Silence Dogwood." Though penniless and unknown, Franklin soon found a job as a printer. Aafter a year he went to England, where he became a master printer, sowed some wild oats, astonished Londoners with his swimming feats, and lived among the famous writers of London. In 17227, Franklin began his career as a civic leader by organizing a club of aspiring tradesmen called the JJunto, which met each week for discussion and planning. Franklin began yet another career when in 1740 he invented the Pennsylvania fireplace, later called the Franklin stove, which soon heated buildings all over Europe and North America. He also read treaties on electricity and and began a series of experiments with his friends in Philadelphia. Experiments he proposed, first tried in France in 1752, showed that lightning was in fact a form of el! ectricity. Later that year his famous kite experiment, in which he flew a kite with the wire attached to a key during a thunderstorm. His later achievements included formulating a theory of heat absorption, measuring Gulf Stream, designing ships, tracking storm paths, and inventing bifocal lenses. In 1751, Franklin was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly, causing the beginning of nearly 40 years as a puublic official. At home from 1762 to 1764, Franklin traveled throghout the colonies, reorganizing the AAmerican postal system. He also built aa new house on Market Street in Philadelphia, now reconstructed and open to visitors, and otherwise provided for his family. From April 1775 to October 1776, Franklin served on the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety and in the Continental Congress, submitted articles of confederation for the united colonies, proposed a new constitution for Pennsylvania, and helped draft the Decclaration of Independence.

Colonial Politics and Democracy

Democracy is a much contested concept. Its notion differs with reference to the type of government a state employs. But in general sense, democracy pertains to a type of government in which the role and the involvement of every individual are very significant. The term democracy actually is derived from the Greek word demos which means ‘people’, and from kratos which means ‘rule’. In other words, democracy entails a form of government that is ruled by the people themselves. (Tilly, 2007)It is said that democratization has been one of the impending features of globalization. (Ray & Kaarbo, 2004) Regarding this, states and nations are beginning to patronize the underlying and the basic principles of democracy. But prior to the concept of globalization, colonial politics had been one of the first mechanisms used to promote democracy.  (Andrews, 2001)Some defined features of colonial politics that help the rise and institutionalization of democracy to other st ates and nations in the world include the idea that ‘power and authority’ should not be bestowed to a single person for that person has this tendency of abusing his obtained power and authority. Conversely, those countries who abide by the principles of democracy divided or distributed both power and authority to three branches of the government, namely: the executive, legislature and judiciary.Through this structure, checks and balances are very much possible. Another defining mark of colonial politics is the method of ‘governorship’ wherein power and authority is distributed among the elected or delegated governors. These governors rule state provinces. Lastly, the process of election is inherent in a democratic form of government. In this method, every citizen has the right to vote for whom he or she thinks fit to rule.  (Lijphart, 1999)The significance of these features of colonial politics really contributed to the rise of democracy. They show that t he role and involvement of every individual are the integral part of democracy. Hence, it should be first arranged and managed by the government in order for the state to function as really democratic.Reference:Andrews, C. M. (2001). Colonial Self-Government, 1652-1689. Adamant Media Corporation.Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. Yale University Press.Ray, J. L., & Kaarbo, J. (2004). Global Politics (8th ed ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company.Tilly, C. (2007). Democracy (First ed ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Roosevelt was bold Essay Example

Roosevelt was bold Essay Example Roosevelt was bold Essay Roosevelt was bold Essay We will review this statement and in conclusion we will agree or disagree with it. Using the sources to support and justify our argument. Roosevelt succeeded Hoover as President, on his assassination in 1901. Roosevelt became very popular and became famous for tackling business monopolies, and initiating the conservation of natural resources to cut down on unemployment. He also won the Nobel Peace Prize. He was born to a wealthy, upper class merchant and was well educated and attended Harvard where he developed political interests. There is no doubt and we can immediately agree with the first three points of the title because Roosevelt was certainly a bold man however the last, but he was not bold enough, is thoroughly disputable and can be argued with the use of the sources. When we look at source A we can not extract much useful information in relevance to the title. The letter is an extremely small example of the 5000 to 8000 letters that Roosevelt received every day. The letter is from a citizen euphorically thanking the president for stopping the reposition of their house. This shows that Roosevelt had support and was interested in the community. Also it shows that the Roosevelt US is a good place but it does not show anything about how bold FDR was. The source is a reliable primary source and so is reliable but does not show us anywhere near the whole picture. The source is also not useful because it bears no resemblance to the title but does show some aspects of Roosevelt and his popularity. Source B is photographic and so is totally reliable although is subtly limited by its medium. The picture is also probably a propaganda piece showing the caring president taken the effort to spend time with the poor, working class. It was taken at a time when unemployment was at an all time high and it shows the people the good effect of the new deal employment schemes. It shows that he was bold appearing in public with the working class and mixing classes as he was from an upper class family. Everyone is smiling in the photo, which projects a good image of the president. The photo shows that FDR was bold but shows no limits to this boldness. The graph in source B is the first good example of Roosevelts boldness. The unemployment levels peak in 1933 at the time of the Wall Street crash and also around the time that FDR came to power. Roosevelt is bold enough to spend very much state money on employment schemes in his new deal and this works because the levels of unemployment fall, not dramatically but slowly. He keeps up this government spending until 1937 and at this point he cuts the funds and the unemployment figures rise sharply. This completely agrees with the title. It shows that he was bold to spend the money on these schemes and he told everyone what he was doing, but as soon as the situation had improved he was not bold enough to keep up the funding on the employment schemes. This source is reliable because it is totally compiled of facts. It is also useful because it shows each aspect of the title and agrees with it. The next source, D is an example of the opposition to Roosevelt in the form of unemployment and benefit figures. The company would have published this document to raise an opposition against FDR. The problem that this American company clearly has with the presidency is the fact that acts were passed to disenable companies to employ any form of cheap labour in the form of child labour or pensioners. They are also getting at the fact and are making out that Roosevelt is a lazy public school boy who would prefer to be fishing than running the country. This shows that Roosevelt was bold to bring in these acts to prevent cheap labour but does not show that he was not bold enough. This source is not reliable because it uses fictional figures. It does however have the use of showing us the mood of employers in and around 1936 but this bears little relevance to the question. Next we can see that source E is clearly reliable and factual clearly from the fact that it is taken from a textbook. Although an American text book there is no market for a non-factual, bias textbook. In this source it speaks of care and confidence, which are both, characterised in boldness. It supports the second phrase in the title by speaking of his fireside chats press conferences and endless mail. We can see communication and boldness in this source there appears to be no lack of boldness. This source is extremely useful and because it is so reliable it can almost singularly back up my argument. It is certain and made even clearer with the use of these few sources that Roosevelt was definitely a bold man. We can also now say though in conclusion that there is no evidence in these sources that there was any limitation to Roosevelts boldness and courage. We can safely say therefore that; Roosevelt was bold. He told people what he was going to do. And he did it.

Comprar ropa de marca barata en NY

Comprar ropa de marca barata en NY Si, en general, Estados Unidos, es la meca de las compras, Nueva York, en particular, es el paraà ­so, a pesar de tener un impuesto a las ventas que se encuentra entre los ms altos del paà ­s. Una de las mejores formas para comprar ropa de marca barata son las sample sales.  ¿Quà © son las sample sales y cunto se ahorra? En las sample sales en sentido estricto los diseà ±adores venden artà ­culos que nunca se llegaron a vender en tienda. Pueden ser, por ejemplo, prototipos para el showroom para compradores o dueà ±os de tiendas o ejemplos que se fabricaron para testar su aceptacià ³n o productos fabricados que se quedaron en stock porque no llegaron a venderse a tiendas. Generalmente los diseà ±adores hacen dos o tres samples sales al aà ±o, si bien algunos showrooms estn abiertos continuamente. Los artà ­culos en un sample sale deben costar como un 50 por ciento menos que un artà ­culo igual o semejante en tienda, si se trata de ropa. A veces el gran problema con los sample sales de ropa son los tallajes. Si son modelos de pasarela para mujer, esperar talla 0 de Estados Unidos. Si es para showroom, entre talla 4 y la 6. Si son accesorios, la rebaja pude ser de entre el 50 y el 70 por ciento. Los bienes que se compran en un sample sale son de la temporada actual o de la siguiente, por lo que es posible estar comprando en agosto ropa de invierno y en enero de verano. Cà ³mo saber en quà © lugar se celebra una sample sale en Nueva York y de quà © diseà ±ador Para estar al dà ­a sobre sample sales puntuales, se puede obtener informacià ³n en las siguientes pginas web: 260samplesale.com. Esta es una tienda de 5,000 pies cuadrados ubicada en un bajo en la Quinta Avenida entre las calles 28 y 29. Cambia continuamente de marcas. Es un muy interesante que realiza sample sales para marcas como J.Crew, Calypso, Elie Tahari, Diptyque, La Perla, etc. Para estar al dà ­a es posible anotarse o seguirlos en las redes sociales. Bargainhotline.com. Brinda informacià ³n sobre showrooms, sample y warehouse sales. Desde cierres de tiendas con grandes descuentos a alta costura. Admite suscripciones para ser alertados por email por $50 al aà ±o. Para turistas ofrece la posibilidad de anotarse por sà ³lo una semana por $8 (admite pagos por paypal). Clothingline.com. Ofrecen en su local sample sales de fabricantes como J.Crew, Jacadi, Helmut Lang, Theory o Tory Burch. Suscripcià ³n gratuita para recibir informacià ³n de ventas actuales y futuras. Lazarshopping.com. Es una de las mejores fuentes de informacià ³n sobre todo tipo de compras a precio rebajado. Brinda la posibilidad de suscripcià ³n gratuita con acceso limitado o de pago con mayor informacià ³n y de ultimà ­sima hora.Sample, warehouse, retail, charity sales y tambià ©n discount, consigment y outlet. Shop Gotham Garment District Walking Tour. Este es realmente un tour por el Distrito de la Moda. Tiene un costo de $70 por persona pero es una forma de acceder con guà ­a a showrooms y samples sales a los que de otro modo no es posible. Se recomienda preguntar antes sobre quà © cubre el tour para asegurarse que interesa (ya que los gustos de todos no son los mismos). Topbutton.com. Brinda suscripcià ³n gratis para recibir correos electrà ³nicos con ofertas. Incluye no sà ³lo Nueva York sino tambià ©n Nueva Jersey y Connecticut. Sus listas incluyen moda, novias, viajes, productos gourmet, belleza, decoracià ³n e incluso eventos. Consejos para tener à ©xito en las sample sales Hay que saber la direccià ³n exacta. Las ventas pueden tener lugar en almacenes u oficinas sin letreros.Las mejores horas para comprar son a primera hora (ms mercancà ­a) o a à ºltima (precios ms rebajados). La peor hora es la del almuerzo.Salvo excepciones, las ventas son finales. Esto quiere decir que no habr cambios.  Informarse sobre si es posible probar la ropa. No siempre hay probadores.Ir con dinero en efectivo ya que no siempre se aceptan tarjetas de crà ©dito o dà ©bito. Otras formas de obtener ropa de marca con precios rebajados Grandes almacenes Bloomingdale ´s. El Centro de visitantes (Visitor ´s Center) est ubicado en el balcà ³n (balcon) del primer piso (en EEUU el primer piso es el de la entrada).  Por compras superiores a $50 cada visitante tiene derecho a un regalo. Ahà ­ tambià ©n se puede solicitar ayuda con un personal shopper, con traductores, compra de tickets para eventos o restaurantes y cambio de moneda. Adems, puede solicitarse que se envà ­e las compras al hotel (si se gastà ³ ms de $250 puede ser gratis). Century 21 en el Centro Financiero pero tambià ©n en otras ubicaciones. Hay que buscar, pero se encuentran grandes cosas. Cada planta est repleta de turistas (y locales). FAO Schwarz Toy Store. Se puede solicitar gratuitamente un personal shopper, es una manera de evitar largas colas en à ©pocas de fiestas. Es posible solicitar que envà ­en las compras al hotel, pero hay que pagar una tarifa. Adems, previo pago de $40 por persona se puede hacer un tour de la tienda antes de la apertura, estando incluido el desayuno. Macys. Los turistas internacionales pueden obtener un 11 por ciento de descuento en todas sus compras. Presentar el pasaporte en el Visitor ´s Center, que est situado en la mezzanine (entrada por Sexta Avenida con la calle 34). Outlets El gran outlet para comprar ropa y otros artà ­culos de marca es Woodbury Common Premium Outlet, a una hora en auto de la ciudad de Nueva York. Preguntar en los hoteles. Tambià ©n es posible ir en bus desde Port Authority. Si se consigue un librito de cupones para mayores descuentos, no dudar en utilizarlos. A tener en cuenta Antes de comprar verificar que realmente es una buena compra. Comparar precios en bluefly.com.Para comprar productos como cmaras fotogrficas o de video considerar BH, en la octava avenida con la calle 34. Es un comercio de gran prestigio y precios ajustados que ofrece la posibilidad de garantà ­as internacionales. Tener presente que est regentado por judà ­os ortodoxos y, por lo tanto, est cerrado el sbado. (Incluso no es posible comprar en su pgina web desde que cae el sol el viernes hasta que acaba el sabbath).Estados Unidos pone un là ­mite en la cantidad de dinero en efectivo que se pueden traer al paà ­s sin declarar en las aduanas. Pero jams pone un là ­mite a lo que un extranjero se puede gastar en compras en el paà ­s.

Observation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Observation paper - Essay Example This paper discusses the basis of females making use of a gym setting and how they are able to reap success through the differing standards which are in common use in the times like today. It has been observed that within a gym setting, not many women feel comfortable. This is because they believe that unwanted people are staring at them for peculiar reasons. Then again, there are women who generally disconnect with the world around them and concentrate on getting fit and healthy. Their gym exercises are such that they rely on them alone without thinking about anything else. Within a gym setting, females usually feel insecure because they are a victim of their own gender. They have no clue why men look at them and would like to know what is so special about them that makes the women clan feel down. However, this does not imply for all men being like that. There are some handful of men who want the women to feel subjugated for ulterior motives that they have best knowledge about. I found out within a gym setting that a female was being constantly harassed by a group of men who were also training with her. I discerned that there was a mess which was entirely under the aegis of gender that needed to be taken care of. The woman under consideration was not wary of how shabbily the men were talking about her. All she felt was that the men did not look at her in a dignified manner. She knew something or the other was fishy that made her conspicuous of the entire scenario at the gym (Hurley, 1996). She tried changing her stance to let the men know that she was watching but the men were bent upon creating a scene for all the wrong reasons. Some thing or the other needed to be done about it and so did this woman go up to the gym manager and complained about the men present in the gym as they were creating a scene for reasons best known to them. When they were inquired about the gender harassment that they were indulging into, they completely

Accounting Class, pick topic below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accounting Class, pick topic below - Essay Example While some individuals intend to work for as long as they can, particularly because idleness and loss of accustomed status can bring depression, illness, and even early death, it is always pleasant to contemplate that one has a nest egg to fall back on when a contingency or extreme need for money arises. "Whatever your situation - even if you want to continue working - youll need to do some planning for the future." (Shwab-Pomerantz & Schwab, 2002). Thus everyone should begin to plan for retirement even during the first few years of employment or starting a business. Retirement planning, according to the Small Business Encyclopedia, describes the financial strategies individuals employ during their working years to ensure that they will meet their goals for financial security upon retirement. This applies to self-employed persons, small business owners, and employees of companies large and small (Retirement planning, SBE) Retirement planning was unknown prior to the twentieth century because the US national economy and presumably the economies in other parts of the world were still predominantly agrarian. Farmers toiling in the fields continued to work until they could no longer do physical labor, and transferred ownership and management of their properties to their eldest children in return for services to them during their old age (US History Encyclopedia). Even with the onset of industrialization, there were still a limited number of employees, and farming continued to dominate as a means of livelihood. As workers aged, they continued to work using their skills and wisdom in lieu of strength and stamina to remain employed in their later years. (Retirement planning, US) Later, because of concerns about productivity and efficiency in the workplace, it was deemed necessary to replace aging workers with young and strong ones. There was concern and apprehension about these

Demography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demography - Essay Example As people live longer there is bound to be a shift in the structure of the household. For example: working population is the biggest contributor to nation's development and family's economy. The longer the old population lives, the longer the working population will have to support them. When the working population gets older and cannot work anymore, their children, who are now in labor force, will have to support their parents and grand parents by working very hard. The existing Social Security and Medicare benefits may not prove to be sufficient for the older ones because in all likelihood the medical services become more costly for the older people as their requirements of medical attention become more. Well, to a great extent the improved medical services are one good reason for an increase in the average age of an individual. As a result, many households now a day consist of four generations. In many such cases the number of financially dependent family members far exceeds the w orking members. Out of these four generations, the third generation, who are the only ones in labor force, will have to support their parents, grand parents and their children. This phenomenon is certainly the result of increasing aging population with high life expectancy. In order to aid the increasing older

Nature and Nature in Cognitive Development Essay Example for Free

Nature and Nature in Cognitive Development Essay Why are both nature and nurture important in perceptual development? How do both help a baby’s brain and sensory organs to develop? The question of whether nature or nurture is more important in terms of perceptual development has bee long debated. In general, there are two theories that explain how humans develop these perceptions. The Nativists claim that our brains are built or hardwired to recognize certain stimuli by both design and construction. In contrast, an Empiricist would say that we learn through experience how to perceive things. There was an experiment done by Nativist researchers that sought to determine how very young mammals are able to perceive. The data concluded that early infants were able to perceive quite a lot before they really had a chance to learn anything. Gibson and Walk’s the â€Å"visual cliff† experiment was one such experiment, in this test both young animals and 6 month old human infants were taken to a side of a visual cliff, the test subjects would avoid the clearly deep drop. This indicated that children can perceive visual depth and that visual depth dominates even touch information. Additionally, studies have been done that show babies can recognize faces and that they often prefer the visual stimulation of carton faces as opposed to the same features arranged at random. In other tests it was shown that babies can also recognize whether or not and object is coming directly at their face or not. These experiments show that even the undeveloped infant brain has considerable capacity for perceptual capabilities. In contrast, several Empiricists experiments have been done as well. In one such study, scientists sought to determine the effects of depriving developing animals from perceptual stimulations. These tests have consistently shown that the longer the subject is deprived, the more severe the consequences. For example, humans are sometimes born without sight, due to a clouded cornea. Later in life some elect to have surgery to repair this clouded cornea. The result is sight, these people can see but they cannot perceive what it is that they see. As time goes on they slowly learn to distinguish one object from another, but this is however quite easily interrupted. Often changing an objects position or context is quite enough to slow down or prevent recognition. To conclude, although some argue that perception is due to nature, while others argue for nurture, it may in fact be that the two factors are interdependent and rely on each other. Support for this idea comes from an experiment that studied rats and found that those raised in a perceptually restricted environment had smaller brain development than those raised in an enriched environment, suggesting that while we are born with innate capabilities we need the environment to ensure we develop our abilities to perceive well. The perceptual capabilities we have at birth must be strengthened continuously through perceptual stimulation, furthermore, it would seem that perception in general follows the use it or lose it principle. Just as unused muscles become week, so to do our senses if left unused. Nature and nurture are both essential to health y perceptual development; stimulation begins in the womb and quickly follows all the way through adulthood. Sources. Nature and Nurture in Perceptual Development. . www. indiana. edu. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http://www. indiana. edu/~p1013447/dictionary/natnurt. htm. . Experiencing Sensation and Perception. . physch. hanover. edu. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http://psych. hanover. edu/classes/sensation/chapters/Chapter 15. pdf. Arterberry, M. Perceptual Development. . Colby College. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http://www. elsevierdirect. com/brochures/Infant/PDFs/Perceptual development. pdf.

Postponement in Manufacturing and Supply Chain

Postponement in Manufacturing and Supply Chain In general production process, many of the end products shares some common process and some of them in the initial stages. At some specific point in the process, specialized processes or components are used to customize the work-in-process, which was a common (generic) product up to that point in the process, into the different end-products. This point is referred as point of product differentiation. Postponement refers to redesigning the process to delay the point of differentiation. The point of differentiation may occur in two stages of supply chain, first it may occur in early stage which is referred as early level of postponement and in the other case it may occur in the late in the supply chain which is referred as late level of postponement. This concept had actually been mostly used in the logistics business (Shapiro and Haskett, 1985). Even consumer products industries started using this type of concepts in their process to improve their service for customers orders. In every scenario we need to follow a special strategy for effective results. In Manufacturing and distribution of products, we need to use the following structure, which describes the process in which product variety is proliferated. Lets go through the five important steps of a product in its supply chain: Manufacturing (2) Integration (3) Customization (4) Localization (5) Packaging Here these sequence of steps matches to most of the process flow in the industries. Manufacturing: This is the initial step where the core of the product is made. Usually small numbers of products or a single generic product are made at this stage. Integration: This is the step where all the main core products are assembled with the sub assemblies. For example in the case of computers, the body will be made in the manufacturing stage and it will be assembled with the Mother board and circuits in this integration stage. Customization: This stage refers to the further assembly of the product with different accessories to form distinct product choices. For example in the case of computers, this is the stage where they insert all the necessary I/O cards, install all necessary softwares and accessory boards constitute different end product options. Localization: Here all the products are localized to suit the local requirements of different regions or countries. For example different countries may have different power supply requirements and different languages for their manuals. We can imagine that each of the product options gets raised into more different end products for different places. Packaging: This step sounds meaningful only for the few products, those requires some special kind of packing. For example in the case of Computers, monitors need to be packed properly so that they dont damage when they are in transit. Here the below figure shows the product variety proliferation tree that branches out at various stages: Diag from pg 6 http://e3associates.com/files/Article%2520-%2520Designing%2520Products%2520and%2520Processes%2520for%2520Postponement.pdf In this context of product variety structure, postponement as a strategy to defer, it can be of two types: Time Postponement and Form Postponement. Time Postponement: This refers to delaying the various product differentiation tasks as late as possible. It is something like switching from Build-to-Stock to a Build-to- order mode (Zinn 1990).One more great advantage of this time postponement implementation is related to the geographical location in which the differentiating tasks are performed. Usually these tasks will be performed at manufacturing factory, Distribution centers or distribution channels and customer sites. Here the earliest level of postponement refers to the case, when all the tasks are performed at the manufacturing factory. And the latest level of postponement refers to those, where the tasks are performed at the customer sites. This strategy is usually helpful in the case where delivery or distribution of a product is delayed until customer demand is known. This allows inventory to be reduced as it reduces the necessity to maintain inventories or stocks at distribution centers. Lets go through some case, which can give a clear idea of this strategy being used. Whirlpool, washing machine manufacturer has implemented this strategy very effectively in their US operations (Waller, et al, 2000).By one of their market research, they have found that most of the consumers dont expect their order to be delivered immediately, as most of them will be ordering for their new houses, into which they cannot move immediately. So they redesigned their supply chain in such a way that the inventories in the department stores are kept to minimum and this delayed delivery until the orders have been received. This reduces the need for cross docking to a great extent and reduces inventory and transportation costs dramatically. In overall it improves customer service and decreases stock outs. Form Postponement: This strategy delays certain stages in manufacturing process of a product until a customers order has been received (Zinn and Bowersox, 1988). This mainly aims at standardizing the upstream stages to the maximum extent. Here they follow a different kind of manufacturing strategy. At first, parts or components that are common to more than a model are used to build a generic platform. Now these semi finished items will be shipped to separate markets and specific countries or items are added when a customer order is received. Most of the computer manufacturers use this strategy in their operations. Most of the components of a computer are relatively generic and common to many markets (e.g. casing, mouse, board), while other components restricted to certain markets (e.g. power supply, differs from one country to the other) (Aviv and Federgruen, 1999).Usually demand in few places may be stable, demand in specific places may be difficult to predict. Thus using Form postponement strategy, all the basic components of a computer are assembled at a central location. As these components have longer life cycle, compared to other components, the inventory risk is reduced at this stage. Then modules are sent to different markets and country specific or high value components are inserted, once the customer orders are received. Markets leader Dell is a classic example of this. By taking up a build to order (BTO) approach, the company started maintaining very low levels of inventory (Radstaak, 1998). This strategy allowed the company to improve their customer service, as their products can be customized on demand. Place Postponement: This strategy is used to redesign the location of process, in order to postpone the product differentiation. HP had used this strategy in their operations; in this case they put off their final assembling activities and made the final product at the distribution centre. This reduces the Inventory costs and response time to the customer. This strategy can be implemented in seven different ways. The first one focuses on delaying the differentiation tasks to downstream in the final processing and manufacturing.Zinn and Bowserox 1988(manufacturing, labeling, assembly, packaging) postponement, Lee and Billingtons(1994) time postponement, Lee and Tangs (1997) operations postponement, Lees (1998) Logistics postponement and van hoeks (1999) Place postponement all deals with the same strategy. Here are some places, where these strategies are implemented successfully. European computer manufacturer implemented this strategy; they started assembling all their personal computers in their local distribution centre to the response of customers order, instead of completing in the factory. Then their focus turned in delaying the downstream movement of goods which is discussed by time and place postponement. Logistics postponement discusses about the movement of goods, which is a delay in deployment of inventory. Rover car manufacturer had implemented this strategy, which centralized the inventory from all his dealers, so that he can respond to customers quickly. If a company does not start manufacturing or assembly before customers order is received then it is existed the highest possible level of postponement. On the other hand if company is able to meet customer requirement as close as end user then it is the lowest possible level of postponement where maximum flexibility is existed. Decoupling Point http://www3.unicatt.it/unicattolica/centriricerca/cersi/allegati/wp12009.pdf Applications of Postponement Inventory reduction Better forecast accuracy Logistics Cost reduction Improved Customer service levels Inventory Cost reduction More Variety Risk minimization Procurement cost reduction Transportation cost reduction Manufacturing and procurement cost reduction Challenges in Postponement Product Modularity Ability to quantify benefits Misperception with risks, costs, benefits and general lack of understanding Competing Interest Visibility into Supply Chain Change Management Which signifies Top-down support Ability to recognize Postponement Opportunity Fundamental changes to manufacturing and logistics processes Too costly to implement Complex to implement Consumes too much of management time Too difficult to align organizationally Critical Success Factors Business process reengineering Product design standardization Enabling supply chain technology Collaboration with Customers / Suppliers Organizational design and accountability Enabling collaborative internet technology Internal cross-functional collaboration Issues relating to Postponement Conclusion Case study: When we think of postponement and their advantages, Auto industry is the one which strikes the mind first for many reasons. Firstly a car can be described as a modular system of components. This shows that there is an opportunity for commonality by producing a platform and adding modular subassemblies customized according to the customers demand. Then secondly, individually customized vehicles have higher forecast variability. Since this case shows that there are too many varieties to be forecasted accurately of each combination, there is typically disagreement on the forecast within the different divisions of a company. Finally is high inventory holding costs. It is much riskier to hold a finished vehicle in the showroom floor than to hold a partly finished one waiting for final customization because of high forecast variability for end products and high obsolescence. General Motors (GM) offers over 600 million combinations, when different combinations are considered. Because of these many options, forecasting becomes very difficult. Excess inventory on the field is evidence of this. So they started to search for a way to create variety and mass customize beyond the idea of the platforms, GM looked at software configuration as a different way to use postponement. From software view, each of the systems in a vehicle can be considered as central processing unit (CPU) made up of several electronic control units (ECUs).At present they are using 30-35 ECUs per vehicle because software is becoming essential in automobiles for many reasons. Before postponement, GM faced many problems regarding product variety proliferation and higher inventory costs of storing ECUs for individual models. Usually these ECUs come to GM in finished form with all the softwares pre-loaded. And each of this is assigned to a specific vehicle but they all looked same from outsid e. Suppliers charged GM for custom software installation which not only raised the price but also resulted in problems with repair and maintenance. Then GM decided to assume the responsibility for software configurations and postpone the installations till the latest possible point in the assembly process. Foe this to be executed, GM had to redesign both assembly process and the ECU hardware. Then in mid 1990s they achieved to install the custom softwares for individual orders at the end of the assembly process. Now the ECUs come from suppliers to GM in a generic form. After realizing that even software can be postponed, they started looking for other systems that could be delayed until purchase. Now GM offers 99 % guarantee to deliver the vehicle within one day of the projected delivery day to a dealer closer to the customer. In a study done by GM to measure the benefits of postponement, they have projected inventory cost savings to be 10-15 percent and even maintenance cost saving s. . . Here GM has taken benefits of both outsourcing and postponement. All the subassemblies are outsourced to suppliers with the comparative advantage of expertise and quality. As auto industries go with predominately build-to-order manufacturing system, their suppliers need to commit to the increase demand for customized features instead of aggregate orders.

Resistance as the Byproduct of Separate Spheres :: Essays Papers

Resistance as the Byproduct of Separate Spheres The history of women in the United States is primarily a study of gender, the social construction of sexual difference, through time. The nineteenth century stands out as the period when the code of separate gender spheres emerged and yet, already, began to come into question. Social forces of economic and religious change sculpted gender into a dichotomy differentiated along roughly the same lines as (what we can now consider problematic) divisions between the private/public, emotional/rational, and consuming/producing. Men occupied the privileged side of each binary, relegating women, as a sex, to a gender built of a series of traits defined in opposition to masculine privilege. During this same century, the ideology of separate spheres was increasingly challenged at many levels by critiques and movements for equal rights, substantive justice, and particular ‘women’s issues’. Note first, that as gender is an issue of social construction, this construct can only be shared by particular groups who share social constructs and even then gender is understood in certain limited ways. To accommodate for this and avoid footnoting what may well be entirely distinct histories, I will only discuss the gender through time of Northern white women. For this constructed gender, the changes that brought the code of separate spheres, by changing the relationships of the domestic sphere, also brought the most fundamental challenges to the code, much more so than equal rights in the public sphere could or would accomplish. In order to determine what a fundamental challenge to the code of separate spheres would sound like, it is necessary to determine the nature of the code’s existence. Obviously, this code of spheres did not exist somewhere crawling about a forest floor, rather it was an ideological tenet of a particular society. This does not mean, however, that it was then understood as simply a belief of one group of people in one time and place. Instead it was seen as natural and permanent. As Justice Bradwell explained in a late nineteenth century case, â€Å"the civil law, as well as nature herself, has always recognized a wide difference in the respective spheres and destinies of man and woman† (Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. (16 Wallace) 141 (1872)). Outside of the courtroom, Lydia Sigourney echoed this sentiment in a book targeted for women, exhorting them: â€Å"[c]onsider the sphere in which thou art placed, as the one in which God willeth thee to be† (Sigourney 109) .

Measurement of Time Spent Communicating Essay

The amount of time we spend communicating is outstanding. There have been multiple studies to find the actual amount of our waking lives spent communicating, and the percentage of time we spend in each division of communication. The article, â€Å"Measurement of Time Spent Communicating,† is the result of a communication study of employees of a research and development laboratory. The study was based on two techniques: direct observation, and questionnaires. How much time do people spend communicating at work? How much time do people spend using machines at work? This useful information can help to improve the amount of work done in a certain amount of time. If people spend more time communicating to get a job done, then our communication skills possibly need improvement. The talking people do is related with their work output. The same goes for machinery; if we spend more time in person-machine interaction, improving machinery would be the main advance to improving jobs. People were observed at one instance in time in offices of one person to five people, some at supervisory levels, laboratories, hallways, and conference rooms. The observation data was divided into to groups’ time spent communicating, and time spent working with equipment. These categories were subdivided in different types of communication activities, including face-to-face communication, telephone communication, reading, and writing, and different types of equipment uses, including lab equipment, office machinery, and an other category. Pre-tests showed the three trained clerks could classify the behavior of the employees reliably. Sampling moments were random and unbiased, only avoiding break times and everyone’s lunch, and are correspondent to the entire working day. The questionnaires were placed at the desks of all the people in the sampling areas, offices, and laboratories. The questionnaires were pre-tested to make sure the wording was understood, and the ordering of questions didn’t change the results. The employees were to answer seven questions all percentages that should add up to 100% of the working week. The questionnaires that were returned and did not add up to between 90% and 110% were disregarded. 4,000 questionnaires were distributed, and 2626, or 66%, were returned and usable. Overall, the common results of the observations and questionnaires were recognizable. The observation method is more accurate, and unbiased, so the main differences in the two sets of data are explained by people underestimating the time they spend communicating face-to-face, and overestimating the time they spend reading and writing. The questionnaire and observed data representing how much time is spent speaking on the telephone, working with lab equipment and office machinery, and other were relatively the same. Another observation is that the amount of time spent communicating depends on how many people are in the office. The fewer people, the more communication went on. This could be due to the fact that many one or two person offices were supervisory level, and therefore had to communicate to employees more often. All offices engaged in face-to-face communication more than in laboratories. Although, time spent working with equipment is only 13%, even though the research study population is a research and development laboratory. This leads us to the conclusion that communication with people, not equipment, is the center of activity for most professionals, administrators, clerks, secretaries and technicians.